Recent advances in molecular research on GC have resulted in the introduction of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies into clinical settings.The antihuman epidermal growth receptor 2(HER2)antibody trastuzumab has led to an era of personalized therapy in GC.In addition,ramucirumab,a monoclonal antibody targeting

vascular endothelial growth factor receptor(VEGFR)-2,is the first biological treatment that showed survival benefits as a single-agent therapy in patients with advanced GC who progressed after firstline chemotherapy.Using NGS to systematically 哪里 identify gene alterations in GC is a promising approach with remarkable potential for investigating the pathogenesis of GC and identifying novel therapeutic targets,as well as useful biomarkers.In this review,we will summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of GC,focusing on the potential use of these genetic and epigenetic alterations as diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
Raf-MEK-ERK信号转导通路是调控细胞生长、分化和增殖最重要的通路之一。在该通路中,Raf的突变会导致肿瘤的发生,尤其是B-Raf,其在肿瘤中的突变率较高,是目前抗肿瘤药物研究的重要靶标之一。综述多种常见的B-Raf激酶抑制剂及其相关耐药机制的研究进展。
Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. In an effort to understand and treat this condition,

re searchers have used genetic manipulation of mice to uncover insulin signaling pathways and determine the effects of their perturbation. After decades of research much has been learned, but the pathophysiology 确认细节 o insulin resistance in human diabetes remains contro versial, and treating insulin resistance remains a chal lenge. This review will discuss limitations of mouse models lacking select insulin signaling molecule genes 有 In the most influential mouse models, glucose metabo lism differs from that of humans at the

cellular, organ and whole-organism levels, and these differences limi the relevance and benefit of the mouse models both in terms of mechanistic investigations and therapeutic development. These differences are due partly to im mutable differences in mouse and human biology, and partly to the failure of genetic modifications to produce an accurate model of human diabetes. Several fac tors often limit the mechanistic insights gained from experimental mice to the particular species and strain including: developmental effects, unexpected meta bolic adjustments, genetic background effects, and technical issues. We conclude that the limitations and weaknesses of genetically modified mouse models of insulin resistance underscore the need for redirection of research efforts toward methods that are more directly relevant to human physiology.